Name three near-point actions of the eye.

• A. Accommodation; Convergence; Pupil Constriction
• B. Accommodation; Convergence; Pupil Dilation
• C. Convergence; Pupil Dilation; Accommodation
• D. Pupil Constriction; Accommodation; Convergence

Answer: (A)

When focusing on a nearby object, the eye engages three coordinated responses, known as the near triad: accommodation, convergence, and pupil constriction. Accommodation increases the lens’s refractive power by contracting the ciliary muscle, which sharpens the image of the near object on the retina. Convergence brings the two eyes inward via the medial rectus muscles so the near object is seen with both eyes in alignment, maintaining a single, binocular image. Pupil constriction tightens the pupil via the sphincter pupillae, which increases depth of field and reduces optical aberrations, helping to keep the near image clear. Pupil dilation is not part of this near response; it occurs in low light or with certain autonomic states and would actually reduce depth of field, so it’s not a near-point action.